COA Anatomy
How to read a peptide COA
A field-by-field walkthrough of a real Certificate of Analysis — product and sequence, lot number, dates, purity, identity, water, endotoxin, storage — and the red flag hiding in each field.
Read articleAnalytical Methods
HPLC vs LC-MS: what each proves
HPLC quantifies purity; LC-MS confirms identity. Why you need both, how to read a chromatogram, and why 98% purity means nothing if it is 98% of the wrong molecule.
Read articleVerification
Spotting a faked COA
Nine concrete red flags of faked, recycled, and vendor-issued certificates — from missing lot numbers to impossible purity values — with how to verify each one.
Read articleLab Accreditation
What ISO/IEC 17025 accreditation means
Accreditation versus certification, what an accreditation number is, and why a vendor's in-house QC is not the same as an independent, accredited laboratory.
Read articleHidden Fields
Karl Fischer, endotoxin & hidden fields
Water content by Karl Fischer, endotoxin by LAL, residual solvents and counter-ions — the fields most certificates omit, and why their absence leaves the picture incomplete.
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